2019 High Area Rapid Printing (HARP)

In 2019, the Mirkin group introduced High-Area Rapid Printing (HARP), a stereolithographic three-dimensional printing approach designed to overcome the throughput limitations of conventional additive manufacturing. HARP employs a mobile liquid interface, typically a fluorinated oil, to reduce adhesive forces between the curing interface and the printed object, enabling a continuous, rapid printing process that is independent of the polymeric precursor. This strategy allows for uninterrupted vertical growth while maintaining structural fidelity. Using parallelized printing architectures, HARP enables the fabrication of complex structures with precise control over feature size, spacing, and composition. Continuous vertical print rates exceeding 430 mm h⁻¹ and volumetric throughputs of up to 100 L h⁻¹ have been demonstrated, with proof-of-concept structures fabricated from hard plastics, ceramic precursors, and elastomers.